I-STMicroelectronics UM1769 CubeL0 Nucleo Demonstration Firmware

Ulwazi Lomkhiqizo

• Igama Lomkhiqizo: I-STM32CubeL0
• Uhlobo Lomkhiqizo: I-Microcontroller
• Umkhiqizi: I-STMicroelectronics
• Usuku lokukhulula: Juni 2014
• I-ID Yombhalo: UM1769
• Isibuyekezo: Isambulo 1
• Webindawo: www.st.com

I-STM32CubeL0 iphakethe eliphelele elihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zesofthiwe ezishumekiwe ezidingekayo zokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokusebenza kuma-microcontrollers e-STM32L0. Ilandela isinyathelo se-STM32Cube futhi iyaphatheka kakhulu, hhayi kuphela phakathi kochungechunge lwe-STM32L0 kodwa nakwamanye ama-STM32 series.

Izici Eziyinhloko

• Ihlanganisa zonke izingxenye zesofthiwe ezishumekiwe ezijwayelekile
• Ihambisana ne-STM32CubeMX code generator
• Ihlinzeka ngeleveli ephansi ye-Hardware abstraction layer (HAL)
• Isethi ebanzi ye-exampLes esebenza kumabhodi e-STMicroelectronics
• Ilayisense yomthombo ovulekile ye-BSD ukuze kube lula umsebenzisi

Imiyalo yokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo

1. Ukuqalisa ngomboniso
   • Qinisekisa ukuthi unezidingo ezidingekayo zehadiwe.
   • Lungiselela ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo futhi uhlanganise isihlangu se-Adafruit.
   • Faka iphakheji ye-firmware yokubonisa.
2. Izidingo zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha
   Idatha ye-STM32L053Nucleo
   Adafruit TFT isihlangu
3. Ukucushwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha
   Ukumiswa kwebhodi le-STM32 Nucleo
   Ukuhlanganisa isihlangu se-Adafruit
4. Iphakheji ye-firmware yokubonisa
   Inqolobane yokubonisa
   Ibhodi le-Nucleo BSP (Iphakheji Lokusekela Ibhodi)
   • Ukucushwa kwe-Joystick
   • Ukucushwa kwe-LCD
   • Ukucushwa kwe-MicroSD
5. Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-firmware
   Landela imiyalelo enikezwe esigabeni 4.1 semanuwali yomsebenzisi ukuze uhlele uhlelo lwe-firmware.
6. Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa: Bheka isigaba 5 semanuwali yomsebenzisi ngemibuzo evame ukubuzwa.
7. Umlando wokubuyekeza: Umlando wokubuyekeza ungatholakala esigabeni 6 semanuwali yomsebenzisi.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kanye nemiyalelo, sicela ubheke imanuwali yomsebenzisi ephelele etholakala kwa-STMicroelectronics webisiza (www.st.com) usebenzisa i-ID yemibhalo UM1769.

Izici eziphambili ze-STM32CubeL0

I-STM32CubeL0 iqoqa ndawonye, ​​kuphakheji eyodwa, zonke izingxenye zesofthiwe ezishunyekiwe ezidingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokusebenza kuma-microcontrollers e-STM32L0. Ngokuvumelana nesinyathelo se-STM32Cube, le sethi yezingxenye iphatheka kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwe-STM32L0 kodwa nakwamanye amachungechunge e-STM32.
I-STM32CubeL0 ihambisana ngokugcwele ne-STM32CubeMX code generator evumela umsebenzisi ukuthi enze ikhodi yokuqalisa. Iphakheji ihlanganisa isendlalelo se-hardware abstraction sezinga eliphansi (HAL) esimboza i-microcontroller hardware, kanye nesethi ebanzi ye-ex.ampLes esebenza kumabhodi e-STMicroelectronics. I-HAL iyatholakala kulayisensi ye-BSD yomthombo ovulekile ukuze kube lula umsebenzisi.
Iphakethe le-STM32CubeL0 lifaka isethi yezingxenye ezimaphakathi ne-ex ehambisanayoampLes. Beza nemibandela yelayisensi evumela kakhulu:

• Isitaki Sedivayisi ye-USB esigcwele esisekela amakilasi amaningi (HID, MSC, CDC, Audio, DFU)
• Ukuqaliswa kwe-CMSIS-RTOS ngesisombululo somthombo ovulekile we-FreeRTOS
• FAT File uhlelo olusekelwe kusixazululo se-FatFs somthombo ovulekile
• Isixazululo senzwa yokuthinta ye-STMTouch.

Umboniso wokusebenzisa zonke lezi zingxenye ze-middleware unikezwa futhi kuphakheji ye-STM32CubeL0.
Umdwebo webhulokhi we-STM32Cube uboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.

Umfanekiso 1. STM32Cube block diagram

Ukuqalisa ngomboniso

Izidingo zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha
Izidingo zezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha zokuqalisa uhlelo lokusebenza lokubonisa zimi kanje

• Idatha ye-STM32L053Nucleo
• I-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT shield eneJoystick ne-microSD (I-ID yesithenjwa: 802)
• Intambo eyodwa 'ye-USB yohlobo A ukuya ku-Mini-B' ukuze unike amandla ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo ukusuka ku-USB ST-LINK (isixhumi se-USB CN1)
• ikhadi le-SD le-Standard Capacity (SDSC) elinomthamo ofika ku-4GBytes.

Idatha ye-STM32L053Nucleo
Ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo liyikhithi yokuthuthukisa engabizi kakhulu futhi esebenziseka kalula ukuze ihlolwe ngokushesha futhi iqale ukuthuthukiswa okuthile nge-ARM® 32-bit Cortex®-M microcontrollers yochungechunge lwe-STM32 (STM32F103, STM32F030, STM32L152 kanye ne-STM32L053). Ngaphambi kokufaka nokusebenzisa umkhiqizo, sicela wamukele Isivumelwano Selayisensi Yomkhiqizo Wokuhlola esitholakalayo www.st.com/epla.
Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokuvakashela ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo www.st.com/stm32nucleo.

Umfanekiso 2. STM32L053 Nucleo board

 

Adafruit TFT isihlangu
Ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo lisekela ukuxhumana kwe-Arduino.
Lesi sihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT singatholakala ku-Adafruit webindawo (inkomba ID 802) enezici ezilandelayo

• isibonisi esisodwa esingu-1.8” TFT esinamaphikseli ombala angu-128×160
• i-slot eyodwa yekhadi le-MicroSD
• iswishi eyodwa yokuzulazula ye-joystick yezindlela ezi-5 (kwesokunxele, kwesokudla, phezulu, phansi, khetha).

Umfanekiso 3. Adafruit 1.8” TFT shield

Qaphela: Lesi sihlangu siyi-ex njeampukusetshenziswa kwe-Arduino shield; ungathola imininingwane eyengeziwe ku-Adafruit webindawo.

Ukucushwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha
Ngaphezu kokuqoqa ihadiwe sicela ulandele izincomo ezingezansi, ukuze uqale ukusebenzisa isihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8” TFT ngebhodi le-STM32 Nucleo.

Ukumiswa kwebhodi le-STM32 Nucleo
Bheka izindawo zokugxuma ebhodini le-STM32 Nucleo kanje:

• JP1 VALIWE
• I-JP5 (PWR) ohlangothini lwe-U5V ON
• I-JP6 (IDD) IVULIWE.

Ukuhlanganisa isihlangu se-Adafruit
Isihlangu se-Adafruit TFT siza nazo zonke izingxenye ze-surface mount ezidayiswe ngaphambili. Umsebenzisi angafaka izihloko ngokulandela izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

• Sika umugqa weheda owehlukanayo ube yizigaba ukuze ulingane izimbobo emaphethelweni ehawu: izingxenye ezimbili zamaphini angu-6 nezinye izingxenye ezimbili zamaphini angu-8 ziyadingeka.
• Ukuze uqondanise imichilo kanhlokweni ukuze ihlanganiswe, ifake (izikhonkwane ezinde phansi) kuzihloko zebhodi le-STM32 Nucleo usebenzisa izixhumi CN5, CN6, CN8 kanye ne-CN9.
• Beka ihawu phezu kwamapheshana kanhlokweni ukuze izikhonkwane ezimfushane zinamathele emigodini.
• Soda kuphini ngalinye likanhlokweni ku-PCB yesihlangu ukuze uqinisekise ukuthintana okuhle kukagesi.

Ukulandelana kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.

Umfanekiso 4. Ukuhlanganisa i-Adafruit 1.8” TFT shield

Iphakheji ye-firmware yokubonisa

Inqolobane yokubonisa
Ukuboniswa kwe-Nucleo kunikezwa ngaphakathi kwephakheji ye-firmware ye-STM32CubeL0 njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 5.

Umfanekiso 5. Isakhiwo sefolda

Imithombo yemiboniso itholakala kufolda yephrojekthi yephakheji ye-STM32Cube yebhodi le-STM32L053R8 Nucleo. Imithombo ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amahlanu achazwe kanjena:

1. Kanambambili: ukukhombisa kanambambili file ngefomethi ye-Hex
2. Imidiya: iqukethe abezindaba files (*.bmp) edingekayo ukuze uqalise ukuboniswa
3. Inc: iqukethe unhlokweni wokuboniswa files
4. Src: iqukethe umthombo wokuboniswa files
5. Izilungiselelo zephrojekthi: ifolda ngochungechunge lwamathuluzi ngalinye eliqukethe izilungiselelo zephrojekthi nesixhumi files.

Ibhodi le-Nucleo BSP
Ebhodini ngalinye, isethi Yezinkinobho, LED kanye nezishayeli zeJoystick ziyatholakala ngaphakathi kwe-stm32l0xx_nucleo.c/.h files, ukusebenzisa amakhono ebhodi kanye nendlela yokuxhuma ibhasi.

Umfanekiso 6. Izakhiwo ze-Nucleo BSP

Induku yokudlala
I-joystick yezindlela ezi-5 kusihlangu isekelwe kuqhinga eliphikisayo ukuze kuvunyelwe wonke amaswishi ukwabelana ngephinikhodi eyodwa ye-analog. Ukunyakaza ngakunye kwesilawuli se-joystick kuxhuma i-resistor ehlukile futhi kubangele ivolumu ehlukiletage ukufunda.
I-peripheral ye-ADC ilungiselelwe ngaphakathi komshayeli we-stm32l0xx_nucleo.c/.h ukuze ithole ivolumu ye-analogtagu-e ubeka amanani ngephinikhodi 3 ye-analog I/O.
Umsebenzi we-BSP_JOY_GetState() ufunda iphinikhodi ye-analogi bese uqhathanisa umphumela nobubanzi obu-5 obuhlukene ukuze kutholwe ukuthi (uma kukhona) ukuthi induku ihanjiswe ngakuphi (kwesokunxele, kwesokudla, phezulu, phansi, khetha).

I-LCD
I-LCD etholakala kusihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT isebenzisa i-SPI ye-4-wire ukuxhumana ne-STM32L0 chip (i-Digital I/O pins 13, 11, 10 kanye no-8) futhi inozimele wayo okwazi ukubhekana ne-pixel ukubonisa umbhalo, izimo, imigqa, amaphikseli, njll.
I-peripheral ye-SPI ilungiselelwe ngaphakathi komshayeli we-stm32l0xx_nucleo.c/.h equkethe futhi indlela yesixhumanisi sebhasi ye-SPI kanye nemisebenzi ye-IO.
I-LCD ilawulwa umshayeli we-BSP LCD ozinikele ongu-stm32_adafruit_lcd.c/.h esebenzisa ingxenye ethi st7735 ethumela ngaphandle ngendlela evamile ukusebenza kwe-LCD IO edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe inqubo yayo.

I-MicroSD
I-microSD slot etholakala kusihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT sisebenzisa i-SPI yezintambo ezi-4 ukuze ixhumane ne-STM32L0 chip (I-Digital I/O pins 13, 12, 11 kanye no-4).
I-peripheral ye-SPI ilungiselelwe ngaphakathi komshayeli we-stm32l0xx_nucleo.c/.h equkethe futhi indlela yesixhumanisi sebhasi ye-SPI kanye nemisebenzi ye-IO.
I-MicroSD ilawulwa umshayeli ozinikele we-BSP SD stm32_adafruit_sd.c/.h othumela ngaphandle ngendlela evamile imisebenzi ye-SD IO edingekayo ngenqubo yayo.

Incazelo yokusebenza kwedemo
Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza lokubonisa, sizobonisa indlela yokusebenzisa iphakheji ye-firmware ye-STM32CubeL0 ngebhodi le-NUCLEO-L053R8 kanye nesihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8” TFT ukubonisa i-bitmap egcwele yamaphikseli angu-128×160 ekhadini le-MicroSD kusetshenziswa ama-FatFs. file uhlelo.
Ukuze uqale ngalolu hlelo lokusebenza lokubonisa umsebenzisi kufanele akopishe izithombe ze-bitmap ze-pixel eziyi-128×160 ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwephakheji le-FW ngaphansi kwefolda ethi “\Media” kumkhombandlela wezimpande wekhadi le-MicroSD elifomethwe nge-FAT abese efaka ikhadi le-MicroSD kusibambi se-microSD sesivikelo se-Adafruit. .
Qaphela ukuthi ikhadi le-MicroSD lingaba nomthamo wokugcina ongafika ku-4GBytes (SDSC) nokuthi izithombe ze-bitmap kufanele zibe nezakhiwo ezinemininingwane kuThebula 1.

Ithebula 1. Izakhiwo zesithombe se-Bitmap

Uma isiqalile, uhlelo lokusebenza luhlola ukutholakala kwesihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT phezu kwebhodi le-STM32 Nucleo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokufunda iphinikhodi ye-IO PB.00 (efakwe kumephu ethi Joystick etholakala kusihlangu). Uma isimo se-PB.00 siphezulu kusho ukuthi isihlangu siyatholakala.
Uma ngabe isihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT singatholakali, i-LED2 ishintshashintsha ngefrikhwensi elingana no-~1Hz. Ukucindezela kwesibili inkinobho yomsebenzisi kuvumela i-LED2 ukuthi iguqule ngefrikhwensi yesibili elingana no-~5Hz. Umshini wesithathu, ushintsha imvamisa yokuguqula i-LED2 ibe ngu-~10Hz. Inqubo echazwe yenziwa ngeluphu engapheli.
Uma isihlangu se-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT sitholakala, i-LED2 IYAVULIWA, ngoba yabelana ngephinikhodi efanayo nesignali ye-SPI CLK esetshenziselwa ukuxhumana ne-LCD kanye ne-microSD etholakala esihlangu.
Imenyu iboniswa ku-Adafruit 1.8″ TFT echaza uhlelo lokusebenza lokubonisa, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 7.

Umfanekiso 7. Imenyu yohlelo lokubonisa

Umsebenzisi kufanele alandele imiyalelo engezansi

• Cindezela i-Joystick PHANSI ukuze uqhubeke nesibonisi semenyu (bona Umfanekiso 8)
• Khetha eyodwa yezindlela zokubonisa ezitholakalayo (okwenziwa ngesandla nokuzenzakalelayo) usebenzisa inkinobho ye-Joystick
  • Imodi ezenzakalelayo: ngokucindezela i-Joystick PHANSI
    Izithombe ze-bitmap ezitholakala ekhadini le-MicroSD ziboniswa ngokulandelana ku-loop yaphakade.
  • Imodi yokwenziwa ngesandla: ngokucindezela i-Joystick PHEZULU
    Izithombe ze-bitmap ezitholakala ekhadini le-microSD ziboniswa ngokucindezela i-Joystick KWESOKUDLA ukuze ubonise izithombe ezilandelayo, noma i-Joystick LEFT ukuze ubonise esedlule. Ukucindezela isikhathi eside (~1s) i-Joystick SEL, kushintsha imodi yokubonisa isuke kumanuwali iye ku-othomathikhi.

Umfanekiso 8. Ukufunda isihlangu se-Adafruit Joystick

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi uhlelo lokusebenza lulawula amaphutha athile (bheka uMfanekiso 9) okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokufinyelela ekhadini le-MicroSD ukulayisha izithombe ze-bitmap.

• Uma ikhadi le-microSD lingafomethiwe nge-FAT, umyalezo uzovezwa ku-TFT. Kulokhu, fometha ikhadi le-MicroSD bese ufaka kumkhombandlela wayo wezimpande i-bmp files iyatholakala ngaphakathi kwephakheji ye-FW ngaphansi \\ Media folder.
• Uma okuqukethwe kwekhadi le-MicroSD kungaphandle kwe-bitmap file, umlayezo uzovezwa ku-TFT usho ukuthi awusekelwe. Umsebenzisi kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi i- fileabatholakala ngaphansi kohlu lwezimpande lwekhadi le-MicroSD bahlonipha izici ze-bitmap ezichazwe ngenhla.

Umfanekiso 9. Imilayezo yephutha yohlelo lokusebenza lokubonisa

Umfanekiso 10. Umboniso uyasebenza

Uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-firmware
Ukuze uhlele ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo ngesicelo sokubonisa sicela uqhubeke ngale ndlela elandelayo

1. Faka i-Integrated Development Environment (IDE) ekhethwayo
2. Faka umshayeli we-ST-LINK/V2.1 otholakala ku-ST webindawo. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuhlela ibhodi le-STM32 Nucleo

Indlela1
Layisha i-STM32CubeL0_Demo_Nucleo.hex kuphakheji ye-firmware etholakala ngaphansi kwe-Projects\STM32L053R8-Nucleo\Demonstrations\Binary usebenzisa ithuluzi lakho lokuhlela elingaphakathi nohlelo.

Indlela2
Khetha iketanga elilodwa kwamabili asekelwayo (IAR/ Keil) bese ulandela izinyathelo ezingezansi

• Vula ifolda yohlelo lokusebenza: Amaphrojekthi\STM32L053R8-Nucleo\Demonstrations\
• Khetha iphrojekthi ye-IDE oyifunayo (i-EWARM ye-IAR, i-MDK-ARM ye-Keil)
• Chofoza kabili kuphrojekthi file (ngokwesiboneloample Project.eww ye-EWARM)
• Yakha kabusha konke files: Iya kuphrojekthi bese ukhetha Yakha kabusha konke
• Layisha isithombe sephrojekthi: Iya kuphrojekthi bese ukhetha okuthi Susa iphutha
• Qalisa uhlelo: Iya kokuthi Susa iphutha bese ukhetha Hamba.

Isofthiwe yokubonisa kanye nezinye isofthiwe exampOkukuvumela ukuthi uthole izici ze-STM32 microcontroller ziyatholakala ku-ST webindawo ku
www.st.com/stm32nucleo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ngingalusebenzisa kanjani lolu hlelo lokusebenza ukuze ngibonise izithombe zami?
Sebenzisa noma iliphi ithuluzi lokuhlela isithombe bese unqampuna isithombe sakho singabi ngaphezu kwamaphikiseli angu-160 ukuphakama namaphikiseli angu-128 ububanzi. Ilondoloze njengefomethi ye-BMP yombala ongu-16-bit file.

Ngingakwazi ukubonisa i-bitmap eyengeziwe files?
Yebo. Ungabonisa izithombe eziningi, ngokuzikopisha ngaphansi kohlu lwezimpande lwe-microSD. Vele uguqule inani elichazayo lika-MAX_BMP_FILES njalo enombolweni oyifunayo ye files. Kulokhu, kufanele ucule kahle inani le-_FS_LOCK, uchaze inombolo ye files ezingavulwa kanyekanye, ngaphansi kokuthi “ffconf.h” ukucushwa kwe-FatFs file.

Kuthiwani ngokubeka i-bitmap fileawukho ngaphansi kohlu lwezimpande lwe-microSD?
Uma usufakwe ngaphansi kwenye ifolda ehlukile kuhlu lwezimpande, i-bitmap files ayikwazi ukufinyelelwa ngohlelo lokusebenza lokubonisa. I-“File uhlobo alusekelwe" umlayezo wephutha uboniswa ku-LCD.
Ukuze ukwenze kusebenze kufanele wengeze indlela entsha yohla lwemibhalo ngaphakathi kwamakholi we-f_open() kanye no-f_opendir() FatFs APIs' ngaphansi kwefatfs_storage.c file.

Umlando wokubuyekeza

Ithebula 2. Umlando wokubuyekeza idokhumenti

Usuku	Buyekeza	Izinguquko
10-Juni-2014	1	Ukukhishwa kokuqala.

Sicela Ufunde Ngokucophelela
Ulwazi olukule dokhumenti lunikezwa kuphela mayelana nemikhiqizo ye-ST. I-STMicroelectronics NV nezinkampani ezingaphansi kwayo (“ST”) igodla ilungelo lokwenza izinguquko, ukulungisa, ukulungisa noma ukuthuthukisa, kulo mbhalo, kanye nemikhiqizo namasevisi achazwe lapha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngaphandle kwesaziso.
Yonke imikhiqizo ye-ST ithengiswa ngokulandela imigomo nemibandela yokuthengisa ye-ST.
Abathengi banomthwalo wemfanelo kuphela ekukhetheni, ekukhethweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwemikhiqizo namasevisi e-ST achazwe lapha, futhi i-ST ayithwesi sibopho sezomthetho esihlobene nokukhetha, ukukhethwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo namasevisi e-ST achazwe lapha.
Ayikho ilayisensi, eshiwo noma eshiwo, nge-estoppel noma ngenye indlela, kunoma imaphi amalungelo empahla yengqondo enikezwe ngaphansi kwalo mbhalo. Uma noma iyiphi ingxenye yalo mbhalo ibhekisela kunoma yimiphi imikhiqizo noma amasevisi ezinkampani zangaphandle ngeke ithathwe njengesibonelelo selayisensi yi-ST ukuze kusetshenziswe leyo mikhiqizo noma amasevisi ezinkampani zangaphandle, nanoma iyiphi impahla yengqondo equkethwe kuyo noma ethathwa njengesiqinisekiso esihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa nganoma iyiphi indlela yaleyo mikhiqizo noma amasevisi ezinkampani zangaphandle nanoma iyiphi impahla yengqondo equkethwe kuyo.
NGAPHANDLE KOKUBA OKUNYE KUBEKWE EMIBENI NEZIMBANDELA ZOKUTHENGISA I-ST IZINXA NOMA YILUPHI ISIQINISEKISO ESIPHAKAMILEYO NOMA ESISHIWO NGOKUHLONIPHA UKUSETSHENZISWA KANYE/NOMA UKUDAYISWA KWEMIKHIQIZO YE-ST KUHLANGANISA NGAPHANDLE KOMKHAWU IZIQINISEKISO EZISHIWO ZOKUTHENGISWA KOMTHETHO (INZALISEKO ENGAPHAKATHI KOMTHETHO. KWANOMA YIYIPHI INDAWO), NOMA UKWEphulwa KWANOMA YIYIPHI I-PATENT, I-COPYRIGHT NOMA OKUNYE ILUNGELO LEMPAHLA ENOBUGCISA.

I-ST PRODUCTS AYIKANGINWE NOMA IGUNYAZIWE UKUSETSHENZISWA KU

• (A) IZICELO EZIBALULEKILE ZOKUPHEPHA NJENGOKUSEKELA IMPILO, AMADIVAYISI ASEBENZAYO ATSHALIWE NOMA IZINHLELO EZINEZIDINGO ZOKUPHEPHA OKUSEBENZA KOMKHIQIZO;
• (B) IZICELO ZE-AERONAUTIC;
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